Reliable Resources – Gen/200c

When doing research and determining which resources are reliable and relevant there is one thing to keep in mind; not all information is created equal. Information can come in many forms and distinguishing the good from the bad can sometimes resemble walking through a mine field. One wrong source and your whole paper can explode. Sure it may not be that dramatic but the bottom line is good information will strengthen your paper; bad information will weaken it. If the resources used are not accurate or irrelevant, it can invalidate your argument or viewpoint.If you utilize a source that has been referenced numerous times or compare information from various sources that can strengthen your work. Sources found on educational or government sites can reinforce your writing because it is corroborated by documentation. Other sites should be avoided since the information found there is tough to substantiate. In order to determine if a source is reliable, you should consider where the informa tion originated, research the author, and evaluate all sources.Oftentimes, common sense and knowledge of a particular subject matter can be vital in deciding whether or not a source is reliable and uncovering author bias. Does the information seem objective? Is it contradictory or inconsistent? Does the writer have an obvious agenda? Is there more emotion in the writing than facts? These are questions to ask when determining bias. Also, check to see if the author can substantiate his/her claims with evidence. After finding information that supports your topic or argument, investigate the author(s) to verify credentials.If the article is written by an educator, go to the university or school’s web page and confirm employment. If their work is in a peer-reviewed journal then it is considered to be reliable. Each article in the journal undergoes an arduous review process and is assessed for accuracy by peers and experts. These journals include an expansive bibliography which cit es other reliable sources solidifying the credibility of the article. However, it is sometimes necessary to verify the other sources to make sure each one is used in context to your research. . References Farooq, S. U. , Rehmani, R. , & Afridi, S.A. (2010,  June). Enhancing productivity and efficiency with time management. European Journal of Scientific Research,  43(2), 252-255. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. This is an article covering the importance of attitude in time management. It discusses how time management is a personal commitment and focuses on accountability. It outlines goal setting, establishing priorities, communication, and avoiding procrastination as important aspects of effectively managing time and enhancing productivity. Radar, L. A. (2005,  Jan/Feb). Goal setting for students and teachers. Clearing House, 78(3), 123-126.Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. This article discusses the importance of teaching goal setting to students in order to guide them t o success. It points out six steps that can lead students toward accomplishing their goals and communicates ways to overcome obstacles. Ellis, D. (2011). Becoming a master student (13th ed. ). Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 67-83. According to Ellis (2011), â€Å"The purpose of this book is to help you make a successful transition to higher education by setting up a pattern of success that will last the rest of your life† (p. 1).

Renaissance Drama in England

Renaissance Drama in England From Medieval to Renaissance Drama ? Mystery plays -> ? Historical (chronicle) ? Miracle plays -> plays ? Tragedies ? Comedies ? Morality plays -> ? Interludes -> Other public â€Å"spectacles†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Elizabethan Drama ? The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. ? The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher) and Plautus (comic cliches, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). ? However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage in scenes of high ? physical realism? was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Lady Macbeth by John Singer Sargent,1889Elizabethan Drama and Acting – Main Features ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The plays had 5 acts; Physical realism; Issues borrowed from the ancient Greek drama (the chorus); Allegorical characters borrowed from the Medieval moralities; Issues borrowed from the Italian drama (the pantomime); Exaggerated feelings (love, hatred, revenge); Props and settings were simple; Costumes were rich and in accordance with the fashion of the time; There was no curtain; Women were not allowed to perform. Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd ? Examples: Gorboduc (or Ferrex and Porrex) by Sackville ; Norton, TheThe Elizabethan Playhouse ? The establishment of large and profitable public theatres was an essential enabling factor in the success of English Renaissance drama—once they were in op eration, drama could become a fixed and permanent rather than a transitory phenomenon. The crucial initiating development was the building of The Theatre by James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red Bull (1604).The Elizabethan Playhouse ? The public theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the centre. ? Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect (though the Red Bull and the first Fortune were square), the three levels of inwardfacing galleries overlooked the open center, into which jutted the stage— essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear being restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony. Usually built of timber and plaster and with thatched roofs , the early theatres were vulnerable to fire, and were replaced (when necessary) with stronger structures. When the Globe burned down in June 1613, it was rebuilt with a tile roof. The English Renaissance Drama ? 1. The early tragedies ? 2. The early comedies ? 3. The plays of the ? University Wits? ? 4. William Shakespeare’s plays the â€Å"university wits† The decade of the 1590s, just before Shakespeare started his career, saw a radical transformation in popular drama. A group of welleducated men chose to write for the public stage, taking over native traditions.They brought new coherence in structure, and real wit and poetic power to the language. They are known collectively as the â€Å"University Wits,† though they did not always work as a group, and indeed wrangled with each other at times. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? John Lyly (1554-1606) Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Robert Greene (1560-1592) Thomas Nashe (1567-1601) George Peele Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (1558 –1594) ? ? ? Th. Kyd was the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.The Spanish Tragedie was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia: with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo. However, the play was usually known simply as â€Å"Hieronimo†, after the protagonist. Kyd is more generally accepted to have been the author of a Hamlet, the precursor of the Shakespearean play (Ur-Hamlet). Christopher Marlowe(1564 –1593) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The foremost Elizabethan tragedian before William Shakespeare, he is known for his magnificent blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own untimely death. Marlowe’s most important plays in which he created his tytanic characters are: Dido, Queen of Carthage (c. 1586) (possibly co-written with Thomas Nashe) Tamburlaine, part 1 (c. 1587) Tamburlaine, part 2 (c. 1587-1588) The Jew of Malta (c. 1589) Doctor Faustus (c. 1589, or, c. 1593) Edward II (c. 1592) The Massacre at Paris (c. 1593) Marlowe is often alleged to have been a government spy killed upon the orders of the Queen.William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? According to some critics of his time, Shakespeare was vulgar, provincial and overrated. ? Robert Greene (1558 –1592) is most familiar to Shakespeare scholars for his pamphlet Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit (full title: Greene's Groats-worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance), which most scholars agree contains the earliest known mention of Shakespeare as a member of the London dramatic community. In it, Greene disparages Shakespeare, for being an actor who has the temerity to write plays, and for committing plagiarism. ? â€Å"†¦ or there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers ha rt wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey†. William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? ? Francis Meres, one year younger than Shakespeare, described himself as â€Å"Maister of Arte of both Universities†; in 1598 Meres published a work which has proven most valuable in dating Shakespeare's plays, for he mentions many of them, and in the most laudatory terms.In Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, Meres begins by praising Shakespeare's poetry the two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, and the Sonnets – then compares Shakespeare to Plautus in comedy and to Seneca in tragedy: Shakespeare was â€Å"not of an age, but for all time. † ? These are the words of Shakespeare's great friend and contemporary, Ben Jonson. The quotation comes from Jonson's poem, To the memory of my belove d, found in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works, published in 1623. Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) ? There is no simple explanation forShakespeare’s unrivaled popularity, but he remains our greatest entertainer and perhaps our most profound thinker. He had a remarkable knowledge of human behavior, which he was able to communicate through his portrayal of a wide variety of characters. ? His mastery of poetic language and of the techniques of drama enabled him to combine these multiple viewpoints, human motives, and actions to produce a uniquely compelling theatrical experience. SHAKESPEARE’S EARLY YEARS English playwright William Shakespeare was born in a small house on Henley Street in Stratford-uponAvon in April 1564.The third of eight children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent glove-maker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare probably attended the Stratford grammar school, the King’s New School. Shakespeare’s Birthplace Stratford upon Avon On November 27, 1582, a license was issued to permit Shakespeare’s marriage, at the age of 18, to Anne Hathaway, aged 26 and the daughter of a Warwickshire farmer.The couple’s first daughter, Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583, and twins Hamnet and Judith who were named for their godparents, neighbors Hamnet and Judith Sadler followed on February 2, 1585. Anne Hathaway? s Cottage Charlecote Park, Sir Thomas Lucy? s Property Sometime after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare apparently left Stratford, but no records have turned up to reveal his activity between their birth and his presence in London in 1592, when he was already at work in the theater. Shakespeare? s biographers sometimes refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as â€Å"the lost years. Speculations about this period abound. An unsubstantiated report claims Shakespeare left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Another theory has him leaving for London with a theater troupe that had performed in Stratford in 1587. SHAKESPEARE IN LONDON ? Shakespeare seems to have arrived in London about 1588, and by 1592 he had attained sufficient success as an actor and a playwright to attract the venom of Greene, an anxious rival. SOME OF SHAKESPEARE’S CONTEMPORARIES HENRY WRIOTHESLEY RICHARD BURBAGE WILLIAM KEMPECRISTOPHER MARLOWE ? In 1594 Shakespeare became the member of Lord Chamberlain’s men and was active in the formation of famous theatre, the Globe. London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) Shakespeare’s Last Years Shakespeare's company erected the storied Globe Theatre circa 1598 in London's Bankside district. It was one of four major theatres in the area, along with the Swan, th e Rose, and the Hope. After about 1608 Shakespeare began to write fewer plays. In 1613 fire destroyed the Globe Theatre during a performance of Henry VIII.Although the Globe was quickly rebuilt, Shakespeare? s association with it – and probably with the company – had ended. Around the time of the fire, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he had established his family and become a prominent citizen. Shakespeare? s daughter Susanna had married John Hall, a doctor with a thriving practice in Stratford, in 1607. His younger daughter, Judith, married a Stratford winemaker, Thomas Quiney, in 1616. ? Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 – the month and day traditionally assigned to his birth – and was buried in Stratford’s Holy Trinity Church.He had made his will the previous month, ? in perfect health and memory.? The cause of his death is not known, though a report from the Holy Trinity’s vicar in the 1660s claims that he ? died of a fever â₠¬ ¦ contracted after a night of drinking with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton, friends and fellow writers?. ? England’s greatest playwright, William Shakespeare was buried in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. His epitaph reads: ? Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, ? To digg the dvst encloased heare. ? Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones, ? And cvrst be he yt moves my bones.Trinity Church – Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Authorship Debate ? The Shakespeare authorship debate continues to rage unabated. ? The traditional camp (Stratfordian's) maintain that the famous Bard was indeed a poet, playwright and an actor. ? Critics known as â€Å"Oxfordian? s† argue that a more likely contender may have been Edward De Vere (1550-1604), Christopher Marlowe, Sir Francis Bacon, Derby or even Queen Elizabeth herself! Shakespeare’s Works and their chronology (apud Halliday) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1589-1590 1. Henry VI 15 90 – 1591 – 2.Henry VI 1592 – 1593 Richard III Titus Andronicus Venus and Adonis 1592 – 1598 Sonnets 1593 – 1594 The Comedy of Errors The Taming of the Shrew The Rape of Lucrece 1594 – 1595 The Two gentlemen of Verona Love? s Labours Lost 1595 – 1596 Romeo and Juliet Richard II A Midsummer Night? s Dream 1596 – 1597 King John The Merchant of Venice 1597 – 1598 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV 1598 – 1599 Much ado About Nothing Henry V The Merry Wives of Windsor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1599 – 1600 Julius Caesar As You Like It Twelfth Night 1600 – 1601 Hamlet 1601 – 1602 Troilus and Cressida 1602 – 1603 All? Well that Ends Well Othello 1603 – 1604 Measure for measure 1604 – 1605 Timon of Athens 1605 – 1606 King Lear Macbeth 1606 – 1607 Antony and Cleopatra 1607 – 1608 Coriolanus 1608 – 1609 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 1609 – 1610 Cymbeline 1610 – 1611 The Winter? s Tale 1611 – 1612 The Tempest 1612 – 1613 Henry VIII (1613 – 1614) The Two Noble Kinsmen The First Folio ? The â€Å"First Folio† is of major importance to William Shakespeare as it is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. The copperengraving picture of William Shakespeare is signed Martin Droeshout on the title-page of the „First Folio? 1623). Famous Quotes ? Juliet: â€Å"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. † Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2) Juliet or The Blue Necklace (1898) by John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes ? Hamlet: There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. Hamlet Act 1, scene 5, 159–167 Ophelia (1894) – John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes Hamlet: What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in act ion how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! he beauty of the world, the paragon of animals – and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. Rosencrantz: My lord, there was no such stuff in my thoughts. Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 303–312 John William Waterhouse Ophelia – blue dress (1905) Famous Quotes ? Jaques: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. ? As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, 139–143John William Waterhouse Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (1909) Famous Quotes Macbeth: ? To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth Act 5, scene 5, 19–28 John William Waterhouse The Magic Circle (study) (1886) Famous QuotesProspero: ? †¦We are such stuff As dreams are made on; and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. ? The Tempest Act 4, scene 1, 148–158 John William Waterhouse Miranda – The Tempest (1916) Famous Quotes Hamlet: ? To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to: 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd.To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there's the rub: For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we hav e shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause—there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life†¦ Hamlet Act 3, scene 1, 55–87 Sir Laurence Olivier (1907 – 1989) as Hamlet Shakespeare, Our Contemporary Hamlet's Soliloquy ? Since first performed in the early 1600s, the title role in William Shakespeare's Hamlet has remained a favorite of many actors because of the emotional complexity of Hamlet's personality. Nowhere is this complexity more apparent than in Hamlet's famous soliloquy in Act III, Scene 1.The soliloquy is a monologue in which a character reveals inner thoughts, motivations, and feelings. Shakespeare used the technique often, and his soliloquies are poetic and rich in imagery. In Hamlet, a play about a man whose mind may be his fatal flaw, the form reaches its highest level. The Structure of Shakespearean Tragedy as devised by Andrew Cecil Bradley ? Andrew Cecil Bradley (1851–1935) was an English literary scholar, best remembe red for his work on Shakespeare ? The outcome of his five years as Professor of Poetry at Oxford University were A. C.Bradley’s two major works, Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). Bradley's pedagogical manner and his self-confidence made him a real guide for many students to the meaning of Shakespeare. His influence on Shakespearean criticism was so great that the following anonymous poem appeared: I dreamt last night that Shakespeare’s Ghost Sat for a civil service post. The English paper for that year Had several questions on King Lear Which Shakespeare answered very badly Because he hadn’t read his Bradley. (Hawkes 1986 as cited in Taylor 2001: 46)CONSTRUCTION IN SHAKESPEARE'S TRAGEDIES ? As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. ? A. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises; and it may, therefore, be called the exposition. ? B. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. ? C.The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. ? The application of this scheme of division is naturally more or less arbitrary. The first part glides into the second, and the second into the third, and there may often be difficulty in drawing the lines between them. A. The Exposition ? ? ? The role of the exposition is to introduce us into a little world of persons; to show us their positions in life, their circumstances, their relations to one another, and perhaps something of their characters; and to leave us keenly interested in the question of what will come out of this condition of things.We are left thus expectant. This situation is not one of conflict, but it threatens conflict. For example, in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† we see first the hatred of the Montagues and Capulets; and then we see Romeo ready to fall violently in love; and then we hear talk of a marriage between Juliet and Paris; but the exposition is not complete, and the conflict has not definitely begun to arise, till, in the last scene of the First Act, Romeo the Montague sees Juliet the Capulet and falls in love with her.Sir Frank Dicksee – Romeo And Juliet, 1884 Some Shakespearean â€Å"Tricks† ? ? ? When Shakespeare begins his exposition he generally at first makes people talk about the hero, but keeps the hero himself for some time out of sight, so that we await his entrance with curiosity and sometimes with anxiety. On the other hand, if the play opens with a quiet conversation, this is usually brief, and then at once the hero enters and takes action of some decided kind. For instance, compare the beginning of Macbeth to that of King Lear.In the latter the tone is so low that the conversation between Kent, Gloster and Edmund is written in prose (although they are of noble extraction). At the thirty-fourth line it is broken off by the entrance of Lear and his court, and without delay the King proceeds to his fatal division of the kingdom. William Dyce – King Lear and the Fool in the Storm (c. 1851) ? This tragedy illustrates another practice of Shakespeare's. King Lear has a secondary plot, that which concerns Glouchester and his two sons.To make the beginning of this plot quite clear, and to mark it off from the main action, Shakespeare gives it a separate exposition. ? In Hamlet, though the plot is single, there is a little group of characters possessing a certain independent interest, – Polonius, his son, and his daughter; and so the third scene is devoted wholly to them. B. The Conflict ? The construction of a Shaksepearean tragedy is based on the fight between two opposing sides i n the conflict. They are of almost equal strength and it is difficult to guess which of them is to win.They are victorious in turn, until the conflict reaches its climax. In some tragedies the opposing forces can be identified with opposing persons or groups. So it is in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and â€Å"Macbeth†. But it is not always so. The love of Othello may be said to contend with another force, as the love of Romeo does; but Othello cannot be said to contend with Iago as Romeo contends with the representatives of the hatred of the houses, or as Macbeth contends with Malcolm and Macduff. ? Thomas Stothard, The Meeting of Othello and Desdemona (c. 1799)Ups, downs and suspense ? ? ? There is, all through the tragedy, a constant alternation of rises and falls in this tension or in the emotional pitch of the work, a regular sequence of more exciting and less exciting sections. The sequence of events within the conflict, is also based on the principle of alternation. L et us call the two sides in the conflict A and B. All through the conflict we shall find a regular alternation of smaller advances and withdrawals; first A seeming to win some ground, and then the counteraction of B being shown.And since we always more or less decidedly prefer A to B or B to A, the result of this oscillating movement is a constant alternation of hope and fear, causing suspense. Dagnan-Bouveret Hamlet and the Gravediggers ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In Hamlet the conflict begins with the hero's feigning to be insane from disappointment in love, and we are shown his immediate success in convincing Polonius. Let us call this an advance of A. The next scene shows the King's great uneasiness about Hamlet's melancholy, and his skepticism as to Polonius's explanation of its cause: advance of B.Hamlet completely baffles Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who have been sent to discover his secret, and he arranges for the test of the play scene: advance of A. But immediately before the play sce ne his soliloquy on suicide fills us with misgiving; and his words to Ophelia, overheard, so convince the King that love is not the cause of his nephew's strange behavior, that he determines to get rid of him by sending him to England: advance of B. The play scene proves a complete success: decided advance of A.Directly after it Hamlet spares the King at prayer, and in an interview with his mother kills Polonius, and so gives his enemy a perfect excuse for sending him away (to be executed): decided advance of B, a. s. o. This oscillating movement can be traced without difficulty in any of the tragedies. C. The Catastrophe ? The oscillating movement continues right up to the catastrophe. ? There is a critical point in the action, which proves also to be a turning point.It is critical sometimes in the sense that, until it is reached, the conflict is not, so to speak, clenched; one of the two sets of forces might subside, or a reconciliation might somehow be effected; while, as soon as it is reached, we feel this can no longer be. It is critical also because the advancing force has apparently asserted itself victoriously, gaining, if not all it could wish, still a very substantial advantage; whereas really it is on the point of turning downward toward its fall. This crisis, as a rule, comes somewhere near the middle of the play. ?Alexandre-Marie Colin. The Three Witches from â€Å"Macbeth,† 1827. This movement is most clear in Julius Caesar and Macbeth. In the former the fortunes of the conspiracy rise with vicissitudes up to the crisis of the assassination (III. i. ); they then sink with vicissitudes to the catastrophe, where Brutus and Cassius perish. In the latter, Macbeth, hurrying, in spite of much inward resistance, to the murder of Duncan, attains the crown, the upward movement being extraordinarily rapid, and the crisis arriving early: his cause then turns slowly downward, and soon hastens to ruin.In both these tragedies the simplicity of the const ructional effect depends on the fact that the contending forces may be identified with certain persons, and on the fact that the defeat of one side is the victory of the other. Octavius and Antony, Malcolm and Macduff, are left standing over the bodies of their foes. ? Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.Charles Kean and his wife as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in costumes aiming to be historically accurate (1858). ? This is not so in Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, because here, although the hero perishes, the side opposed to him, being the more faulty or evil, cannot be allowed to triumph when he falls. Otherwise the type of construction is the same. The fortunes of Romeo and Juliet rise and culminate in their marriage (II. vi. ), and then begin to decline before the opposition of their houses, which, aided by accidents, produces a cat astrophe, but is thereupon converted into a remorseful reconciliation.Hamlet's cause reaches its zenith in the success of the play-scene (III. ii. ). Thereafter the reaction makes way, and he perishes through the plot of the King and Laertes. But they are not allowed to survive their success. Frederick Leighton – The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets over the Dead Bodies of Romeo and Juliet, 1853-5 The Play Scene in Hamlet by Daniel Maclise (1806-70) ? http://elizabethan. org/compendium/home. html ? http://www. elizabethan-era. org. uk/elizabethan-england. htm ? http://www. britainexpress. com/History/Elizabethan_life. htm

Learning From Mentors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning From Mentors - Research Paper Example Mentors help immensely because these are the persons who give a clear cut idea of the different ways and means through which the same question or concern could be handled in a totally different manner or perspective. What is even more imperative here is the ideology that this learning is one for the long term as it shapes up ideas, changes beliefs and turns the difficulties into areas of ease and comfort. Adult learning has always been seen as something that shall bring out a lot of value for the people, who are in dire straits; who would like to make amends with their lives in more ways than one, and find ideas to tackle the quandaries that they are stuck within. Learning that has been gained through the mentors is strategic in its disposition. This is because it takes care of the negativities that arise within an adult, and tells him how to act forthrightly. It asks of him to mend his ways within the moral constructs and allows him to learn new aspects which would not be deciphered and made understandable somewhere else. Hence a great amount of learning is being done in an online manner which is somewhat of an interesting exercise. What is even more important is the fact that this learning will not fade away with the passage of time, and continue to get bolstered as and when times change (Longenecker, 2011). This is one significant aspect that has come to the fore, and with the kind of changes happening on the global front, the learning that has been devised and transferred over the years through these mentors is all the more pivotal. The beliefs are changed, the perspectives are shifted and the entire dynamics of learning are given a complete revamp – such is the gravity of the learning variations which have been highlighted in the recent times. The role of the learner within such understandings and debates is an equally quintessential one. This is because it is his role that shall take the topic forward. If he would seem disinterested right from the very beginning, there is little one could do regarding the learning that has been gained from the mentors in the first place. It is for this reason that the mentors are given the proper credit that they richly deserve because they have been able to shift viewpoints, change perspectives and turn beliefs into proper ideologies. The adult learning mechanism is being seen as a very gigantic step towards building value for the sake of the individuals who seek to learn and thus get acquainted with the norms and routines of life. The learner shall have to properly address his fears and concerns in front of the mentor because if these are not taken care of, there will be little that one can do regarding the dynamics of the learning quarters which have come about with the passage of time. What is even more significant is how the learning quarters are being perceived by the mentors because these touch upon the basis of growth, productivity and development for the sake of the learners under qu estion (Dutton, 2003). Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, learning is usually given emphasis by the mentors who believe very strongly on the premise of bringing out value and quality for the learners. This is

Restaurant Procedures Purchasing, Receiving, Storage, Preparation, Assignment

Restaurant Procedures Purchasing, Receiving, Storage, Preparation, Selling And Service - Assignment Example Starting a restaurant business comes with its challenges though it can be a paying job. Before starting a restaurant, it is wise research on the restaurant service and location. This will assure that are doing the correct thing and offer a satisfaction that your restaurant will be a successful. Trust is necessary to your produce or service as it may consume your time, particularly during the start-up period. There are common matters to consider such as principles, financing, handling your business, promoting, and taxation. Working in the restaurant and learning the essentials is significant first step to becoming a proprietor. Knowing your target market will help solidify the menu, determine the locality, design and the overall atmosphere of your restaurant. A restaurant will need a brief business strategy. This strategy should include: concept and goal of your restaurant; definite financial information and estimates; an n account of your target market; an advertising and marketing p lan; your menu and pricing and a potential exit strategy. Make sure the menu is striking to your target market, affordable within your budget, and matches your restaurant's design concept. Site is important in the restaurant world. It is important to find a location that has a convenient parking and is in proximity to other businesses particularly if you are catering to the lunch customers. When designing your kitchen, reflect about what's on the menu in order to fix what is needed for the food preparation area. Identify a suitable

Metabolic Syndrome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Metabolic Syndrome - Assignment Example According to the symptoms displayed by the patient, he has a positive diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; evident from a high fasting blood glucose levels of 140. According to Brasher (2006), this entails a long period of insulin resistance and early postprandial hyperglycemia. Thus, this increases the risk factors for health problems in this case such as diabetes. In addition, insulin resistance is connected to overweight. In this case, the patient presents several risk factors for the condition. They include a large waistline, low HDL cholesterol level of 36, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood sugar of 140. However, additional questions are helpful in comprehending rationale of the disease process; as well as its clinical presentation. These questions include nutritional patterns, lifestyle (smoking), physical activities done, race, any changes in visual acuity or retinal abnormalities, delayed wound healing, any past or recent infections of the skin (for instance yeast skin rashes) and urinary tract infections. Physical examination aspects involve a comprehensive assessment so as to determine a diagnosis. Examples of physical examination entail the following: numbness or tingling sensation and decreased sensory of the feet, skin examination, and waistline measurement. Moreover, blood tests are vital in diagnosing this condition. Examples include collection of blood urea nitrogen has to be d one in proper evaluation of the kidney function, as well as triglyceride level examination (McCance and Huther, 2014). Proper management for this condition begins with prevention of the disease. Prevention will be based on directly influencing the development and reversal of insulin resistance and B-cell dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome is in the increase due to an elevation in obesity rates. In this case, the patient has experienced weight gain while in

Opening a restaurant Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Opening a restaurant - Term Paper Example These businesses are believed to have certain weaknesses that Lexus will capitalise in in order to compete favourably in the market. The business will employ a marketing strategy where our sales representatives will visit institutions to show case the products and services we offer. Brochures, fliers, and posters will be developed to be used in marketing strategy with most of information to be accessed through the website page. We aim to capture majority of the market share in the 1st one year. The business is also planning to use several others strategies like product differentiation, pricing, place/location, segmentation and growth strategies. Together with these, the SWOT analysis of the business is to be examined in order to know all the areas to improve in. The proposed business is to be registered under the name â€Å"Lexus Unit Restaurant†. â€Å"Lexus† is a term in Germany translated to mean satisfactory and comfortable surroundings. The decision to use the above name is based on the restaurant’s ultimate goal of ensuring maximum client’s satisfaction in terms of meals served, lodging services in a favourable dining environment. â€Å"Lexus Unit Restaurant† a 1,200-square-foot restaurant will be setup at Outer Drive within Sioux City and it will be the only restaurant business located on the 25-acre tract of city-owned land targeting middle level income earners. The site is supposedly convenient for the business because it serves as the central point with good proximity and accessibility to potential customers with a good infrastructure such as good road network, electricity, water and telecommunication services. The Metropolitan area highly secured and exposed to several customers that tours the city projects hence need for quality meals and favourable environment to dine. The proposed business will be a sole proprietorship form of business sponsored by me and who shall also be the manager of the enterprise. I will keep truck of the

Journal review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal review - Essay Example There are various clinical manifestations that are similar in appendicitis and some other diseases such as acute gastroenteritis, pyelonephritis, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic inflammatory disease etc. There is no diagnostic test for the confirmation of appendicitis but surgeon’s experience, the patient’s past record or the physical assessment help in the diagnosis. One of the major techniques used for the diagnosis of appendicitis is abdominal computed tomography scan; other techniques include ultra sound, X-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. If the appendicitis is not diagnosed by any of the technique the surgeon must diagnose it by the clinical manifestations made by the patient. If it is not diagnosed properly it may lead to life threatening effects. A patient with the risk of appendicitis must have proper nursing facilities; they should be kept in health care centers until they recover, their treatment should be looked upon on strictly i.e. antibiotic therap y in order to reduce any inflammation or septicemia. If the general practitioner thinks inflammation has occured in the appendix he must use some special techniques i.e. laparoscopically or by laparotomy in order to minimize the chances of further perforation. In a typical examination it is observed that 80% of the patients having acute abdominal pain experience appendicitis and only 20% of patients that undergo appendectomy remain safe from these pathological conditions. If this infection of appendix is not diagnosed properly it may cause perforation of appendix. It is also observed in 80% of the patients that perforation usually occurs after 48 hours of appendicitis. Untreated appendicitis may also become life threatening. Appendicitis should be properly cured or else it may lead to acute inflammation. Proper treatment should be given to patients

Leadership an important but controversial area of Organization Essay

Leadership an important but controversial area of Organization Behaviour - Essay Example For that matter, the paper will discuss more specifically on the role of leadership as it pertains to the development of a company. Individual alongside group behaviour is mostly affected by a wide variety of variables. However, it doesn’t matter what setting the individual in question find themselves in. Irrespective of that, within an organization, it is believed that there are many levels that craft behavioural patterns. One of the levels is said to be culture. On the other hand, management techniques are the other level. The next level is human psychology as well as individual communication. All of this are said to contribute to the development of organizational behaviour. In general, organizational behaviour can be defined as the study of behaviours within a business-oriented organization. The study can also observe individual employee behaviour. In addition, the study could also scrutinize behaviours regarding employees as a whole or even the behaviours of the entire organizational structural team. How different organization guide and also influence behaviour is a multi-layered investigation that could be handled from many angles(DuBrin 2008). Usually, individual behaviours are examined within an organizational environment. On the contrary, the examination can also be conducted between co-workers in a defined group. On other occasions, scientists have examined the overarching behaviours that are attributed to the entire organization. The latter included how the organization functions together with its policies as well as ethics. When scientists observe employees behaviours, they can be able to determine the kind of behaviours in a given company. However, the behaviours of employees within a culture are guided by several factors such as ethics and objectives of the company. In addition, education and beliefs can affect the behaviours of a particular organization. To date,

Theoretical Background Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Background Essay Purchasing is â€Å"Critical to supply chain efficiency because it is the job of the purchasing to select suppliers and then establish mutually beneficial relationships with them. Without good suppliers and without superior purchasing, supply chains cannot compete today’s† marketplace. Purchasing is also very involved in product design and development work. Many â€Å"manufacturers have found out that manufacturing costs can be reduced, product quality maximized, and new products brought to market at a much faster rate if purchasing brings the key suppliers into the product design and development at the earliest stage of process. † And purchasing is directly involved in the implementation of e-commerce systems. (Fitzgerald, 2000) Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the materials, parts, supplies, and services need to produce a product or provide a service. You can get some idea of the importance of purchasing when you consider that, in manufacturing, upwards of 60 percent of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased parts and materials. Furthermore, the percentages for purchased inventories are even higher for retail and wholesale companies, sometimes exceeding 90 percent. Nonetheless, the importance of purchasing is more than just the cost of goods purchased; other important factors include the quality of goods and services and the timing of deliveries of goods and services, both of which can have a significant impact on operations. The goal of purchasing is to develop and implement purchasing plans for products and services that support operation strategies. Among the duties of purchasing are identifying sources of supply, negotiating contracts, maintaining a database of suppliers, obtaining goods and services that meet or exceed operations requirements in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and managing suppliers. Thus, purchasing select suppliers, negotiates contracts, establishes alliances, and acts as liaison between suppliers and various internal departments. Purchasing is taking on increase importance as organizations place greater emphasis on supply chain management, quality improvement, clean production, and outsourcing. Moreover, business-to-business buying relationships are changing: although traditional relationships currently account for the lion’s share of buying relationships, they are expected to decrease substantially by the middle of  the decade, while Web-based auctions and manage inventory relationships are expected to grow. In addition, increasing globalization will continue to have an impact on purchasing. (McGraw-Hill, 2007) The purchasing function in business organizations is becoming increasingly important. Among the reasons are increased levels of outsourcing, increased used of the Internet, greater emphasis on supply chain management, globalization, and continuing efforts to reduce costs and increase quality. Among purchasing responsibilities are obtaining the materials, parts, supplies and services needed to produce a product or provide a service. Price, quality and reliability and speed of delivery are important variables. Purchasing selects suppliers, negotiates contracts, and establishes alliances, and act as liaison between supplier and various internal departments. It also is involved in value analysis, vendor analysis, make-or-buy analysis, supplier audits, and supplier certification. (Morgan, 1994) In many business organizations there is a move to reduce the number of suppliers and to establish and maintain longer-term relationships with suppliers. Supplier partnerships may involve cooperation that takes the form of sharing of planning and information, and perhaps cooperation in product and process design. (Morgan, 1994) An underlying consideration in purchasing, as in all areas of business, is maintaining ethical standards. The supplement provides a recommended set of ethical practices in purchasing. (Morgan, 1994) Although often associated with the public sector, purchasing groups are also an alternative considered more and more by managers of the private sector. A purchasing group increases volume consolidation, making it possible to have only one negotiation, in order to increase the purchasing group members power vis†Ãƒ  Ã¢â‚¬ vis that of its suppliers. However, a purchasing group also constitutes an additional link in the supply chain and its objectives could go contrary to those of some of its members. This is why organisations considering joining a purchasing group should analyse this option strategically, in order to assess correctly the potential long†term benefits. (Nollet Beaulieu, 2005)

The Role and Growth of NATO Essay Example for Free

The Role and Growth of NATO Essay From Thucydides onward, moral philosophers, students of international politics, statesmen, and policy makers have been preoccupied and very often troubled by the role of morality in international politics. There has often been a tendency, in the discourse on political morality and the ethical conduct of statecraft, to alternatively exaggerate or deprecate the influence of morality in internationalpolitics, and hence succumb to either self-righteous moralism or cynicism and skepticism. The task of moral reasoning about international politics is neither a simple nor an easy one, and is made more difficult when moralism is confused with morality. Moralism involves the adoption of a single value or principle and applying it indiscriminately without due regard to circumstances, time, or space. Morality, on the other hand, is the endless search for what is right in the midst of sometimes competing, sometimes conflicting, and sometimes incompatible values and principles (Morgenthau 79). The normative form of political realism admonishes us to think morally, not moralistically, and not to confuse self-righteousness with morality. It reminds us that international politics are too complex to resemble a morality play, and that moral choices are never easy. Yet all is not well in Europe. The end of the Cold War and the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union ended the high-intensity threat to the West. Invasion is now implausible. However, the lacuna created by the absence of any high-intensity threat has been filled by low-intensity threats, taking the principal form of chronic instability in the Balkans and the outbreak of ethnic conflict stemming from the breakup of Yugoslavia. Indeed, the various Balkan wars are indicative of the fact that â€Å"history† and a particularly nasty and virulent form of nationalism persist quite stubbornly in that corner of Europe. The horrors and atrocities perpetrated in those wars were shocking to people who believed in â€Å"Never Again† and that European civilization had evolved beyond such behavior. This, of course, ought to be a sobering reminder that peace and stability can never be taken for granted, that liberal values are not as triumphant as some would like to believe, and that Locke, Kant, and Smith might have to make room for Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Hobbes as we are forced to reengage with history. How exactly are we to reengage with history? In the midst of peace and plenty, we have had the luxury of debating and rethinking our conceptions of security. Traditional state-centric notions of security, which privilege sovereignty over the rights and dignity of the individual, are called increasingly into question. They are deemed relics of the past, fig leaves hiding the intellectual paucity of Cold Warriors unable or unwilling to adapt themselves to an altered security environment. We are witnessing the rise of a rival orthodoxy regarding how we think and act about security, one that is centered on human rights and human security—consonant with our posthistorical values and sensibilities—and allegedly better suited to deal with the problems of intrastate warfare and ethnic conflict. This rival orthodoxy, we are to believe, is morally superior and more evolved than traditional notions of security. After all, what sort of person can be against human rights and human security? On 24 March 1999, NATO began Operation Allied Force, an aerial bombing campaign that was to last seventy-eight days. The Atlantic Alliance, arguably the most powerful and successful politico-military coalition in history, created originally to defend Western Europe against a Soviet onslaught, now went to war for human security. In the subsequent military campaign, NATO won and got what it wanted, and then some. The Alliance triumphed without a single combat casualty. Serbian military and paramilitary forces, looking remarkably unscathed despite the scope and intensity of NATO sorties, evacuated the province. A NATO-led military force moved in, and Kosovar refugees started returning home. Kosovo is now a de facto protectorate of NATO and the United Nations, even if the fiction that the province remains a sovereign and integral part of Yugoslavia is maintained. Kosovars are champing at the bit to cleanse the province ethnically of the remaining Serbian minority, even as we insist that our goal is to reconstitute a multiethnic and multicultural Kosovo. Slobodan Milosevic is gone but the genie of ethnic strife is already out of the bottle, and the Balkans remain as unstable as ever (An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State March 2002). A question mark hangs over an â€Å"ethic of responsibility,† meanwhile, because the jury is still out as to whether we will be able to move toward such an ethic when it comes to future humanitarian interventions or whether â€Å"humanitarian warfare† is, as some argue, â€Å"an idea whose time has come, and gone† (Krauthammer 8). From the Balkans to the Caucasus, the environment remains ripe for massive and violent abuses of human rights—thus opportunities to intervene—even if NATO does not expand any further to the East. The temptation to intervene will be great. If CNN is present, we will have emotional and gut-wrenching scenes of human suffering beamed into our living rooms and there will be a clamor to â€Å"do something† (Hudson and Stanier 256).   And why not do something? The Alliance has already bent, if not broken international law over Kosovo. Surely it will be easier the second time around. Furthermore, NATO now possesses a template for â€Å"immaculate intervention.† The Alliance will not deploy ground troops but can instead rely on precision guided munitions dropped from on high, with little or no risk to its servicemen and women (Burk 53–78). Humanitarian intervention is characterized by motive and ends, the motive to do good, and the goal to put an end to human suffering. This is what is supposed to distinguish â€Å"moral† interventions from â€Å"immoral† ones (Abrams 74). It was said of the Gulf War that the West would not have come to the aid of Kuwait if that country had produced broccoli instead of oil. Kosovo possessed neither oil nor broccoli. Hence, we were told by President Bill Clinton that NATO’s actions were intended to â€Å"enable the Kosovar people to return to their homes with safety and self-government,† or alternatively to â€Å"protect thousands of innocent people in Kosovo from a mounting military offensive.† (Roberts 20) The Alliance’s objectives were thus to avert a humanitarian catastrophe in Kosovo and/or to prevent a crisis from becoming a catastrophe. Kosovo was to be a new sort of war, one fought in the name of universal values and principles—to uphold human rights and prevent a humanitarian tragedy—rather than for narrow interests (Roberts 20). Yet motives and ends are dangerously unreliable as criteria for moral calculation and judgment. Moral judgment cannot be suspended simply because the motives are pure, the cause just, and the ends good. The decision to enlarge the Atlantic Alliance has opened debate as to whether an expanded alliance will help to sustain global peace or provoke greater tension, if not regional or global wars. International relations theorists are largely divided over the question, and the relationship between alliance enlargement and the question of war or peace is unclear and ambiguous. Alliances in general have often been blamed as one of the major factors helping to generate the fears and suspicions leading to World War I, as well as previous wars in European history, at least since the advent of the formal multipolar â€Å"balance of power† system in the mid-seventeenth century. American foreign policy from George Washington to World War II traditionally eschewed â€Å"entangling alliances.† On the other hand, the lack of strong alliances and of firm American commitments to Britain, France, and to key strategically positioned states such as Poland, for example, has been cited as one of the causes of World War II. Following Soviet retrenchment from eastern Europe after 1989, and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet state in 1991, the Atlantic Alliance has been praised as the most successful alliance in history. Without NATO, it is argued, the peace of Europe could not have been secured throughout the Cold War. Detractors, however, have argued that NATO’s formation in 1949 led to the counterformation of the 1950 Sino-Soviet alliance—and indirectly to the Korean War—in addition to the establishment of the Warsaw Pact following West Germany’s admission to NATO in 1955. These contrasting perspectives do not clarify the relationship between alliances and war in today’s geostrategic circumstances. The question remains as to whether German unification, followed by Soviet implosion, and now by NATO enlargement into east-central Europe, will prove stabilizing. The Alliance has opted to extend its membership to Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary within the former Soviet sphere of influence, raising some fears of a new partition of Europe. At the same time, NATO has promised to consider further enlarging its membership; it has advocated what has been deemed an â€Å"open NATO†Ã¢â‚¬â€in part to prevent a possible new partition between members and nonmembers. Alliance pronouncements promised that Romania and Slovenia would be granted first consideration in a second round, in addition to one or more of the Baltic states. Indeed, NATO has not left out the possibility of Russian membership, but has only taken limited steps in this direction (Kegley and Raymond 275–277). Despite the fact that NATO is one of the most institutionalized alliances ever created, with decades of experience in fostering close ties among its members, the United States chose not to use NATO to organize its response to the attacks. NATO was unable to provide a command structure—or even substantial capabilities—that would override U.S. concerns about using the NATO machinery. European contributions were incorporated on a bilateral basis, but NATO as an organization remained limited to conducting patrols over the United States and deploying ships to the eastern Mediterranean. This U.S. policy choice did not surprise many in the United States. Many U.S. policymakers believed that NATOs war in Kosovo was an unacceptable example of â€Å"war by committee,† where political interference from the alliances 19 members prevented a quick and decisive campaign. The policymakers were determined to retain sole command authority in Afghanistan, so that experience would not be repeated (Daalder and Gordon). The deployment of the NATO AWACS demonstrates this point. The United States did not want to deploy the NATO AWACS directly to Afghanistan, because it did not want to involve the North Atlantic Council in any command decisions. Instead, the NATO AWACS backfilled U.S. assets so the assets could redeploy to Afghanistan. A military official later described the U.S. decision in these terms: â€Å"If you were the US, would you want 18 other nations watering down your military planning?† (Fiorenza 22) However, many Europeans were dissatisfied with the small role that the alliance played in the response to the September 11 attacks and attributed it to U.S. unilateralism and arrogance. While they understood the need to ensure effective command and control, they felt that they had given the United States unconditional political support through the invocation of Article 5 and that they should at least be consulted about the direction of the military campaign. In part, these frustrations resulted from the fact that the military campaign did not fit the model all had come to expect during the Cold War— that an invocation of Article 5 would lead the alliance members to join together and defeat a common enemy (Kitfield). But these frustrations also reflected a fear that the U.S. decision to pursue the war on its own after invoking Article 5 would irrevocably weaken the core alliance principle of collective defense. To uncover a possible answer to the question as to whether an extended NATO alliance will prove stabilizing, I seek to explicate the views of international relations theorist, George Liska. Even though he was well known in the 1960s for his classic definition of alliances, Liska’s later comparative geohistorical perspective of the 1970s and 1980s has often been overlooked or not fully appreciated (Kegley). Although generally pessimistic, Liska argues that major power or systemic war is not inevitable and can be averted, yet only given a long-term strategy of cooptation of potential rivals into the interstate system. For Liska, alliances are neither inherently stabilizing or destabilizing. Like armaments, they do not in themselves cause war, but they can set the preconditions for generalized conflict depending on the manner and circumstances in which they are formed and depending on which specific states are included. Moreover, the expansion of an alliance formation is less likely to provoke major power war when the predominant states of a particular historical period are either overtly or tacitly included. Generalized wars, however, are more likely to occur when the predominant powers cannot participate in the key decision-making processes that affect their perceived vital interests, and thus cannot formulate truly concerted policies. Global conflict has largely stemmed from the apparently recurrent failures of the major contending states to forge long-term entente, or full-fledged alliance, relationships. Since 1991 the world has seen a new opportunities, but the weight of the millennial past continues to burden the present (Liska 17). Although the U.S.-Soviet wartime alliance against Germany, 1941–1945, collapsed after World War II, the superpowers were by contrast able to maintain a general state of peace, though not without intense regional conflicts often fought through surrogates. The ensuing struggle for control of former German spheres of influence, the quarantine of East Germany and other Soviet-bloc states, the formation of NATO, Soviet/Russian fears of a U.S./NATO alliance with the flanking states of Japan and the People’s Republic of China, collectively resemble the 477 to 461 B.C. phase of Athenian-Spartan relations, following the breakdown of their alignment against Persia. Throughout the Cold War, Washington and Moscow sustained a tacit multidimensional â€Å"double containment† of Germany and Japan, as well as other significant regional powers, including China, that helped to prevent open conflict between them. Yet it is precisely the Soviet/Russian role in this multidimensional double containment that has virtually disappeared following German unification (Gardner 7-9). The collapse of the Soviet Empire and its spheres of security parallel the instability that confronted Sparta. Continuing fears of national uprisings and Russian disaggregation, coupled with recurrent wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan, recall the threats posed by the Helot revolution and the Third Messenian War. The United States and NATO now bid for control over former Soviet and Russian spheres of influence in Central and Eastern Europe much as Athens penetrated Sparta’s sphere in the Aegean and then the Ionian seas. Disputes over power and burden sharing within NATO, considered together with differences over the financing of the 1990 Persian Gulf war and the conduct wars in Bosnia and Kosovo, are reminiscent of Athenian efforts to sustain preeminence over its Delian league allies, regardless of the diminished Persian threat. Moreover, Pericles’ decision to forge a new â€Å"defensive† alliance with the insular power bears similarities to NATO’s decision to extend its alliance with Western Europe into Central Europe, a change depicted as defensive, involving no nuclear weapons or additional troops to be deployed on the territory of new NATO members (Gardner 20–26). Most crucially, should the United States and Russia not be able to reach a compromise over the question of the modalities of NATO enlargement into East-Central Europe, the two powers risk losing their tacit post-World War II alliance against Germany and Japan altogether. This would parallel the Athenian decision to drop entirely its deteriorating ties with Sparta after the new Athenian democratic leadership expelled Cimon. Moreover, American proposals to build a ballistic missile defense in possible violation of the ABM treaty could be interpreted by Russia in much the same way that Sparta interpreted the Athenian decision to build defensive walls around the city of Athens. In a word, the United States is presently poised either to renew its relations with Moscow or else let them sour to an even greater extent, thus risking another round of mutual imprecations that could degenerate into a wider conflict. Turning to another episode involving an essentially bipolar land/sea schism, namely the clash between Rome and Carthage over spheres of influence in Spain, Sicily, and the Mediterranean, raises additional questions about Soviet collapse and NATO enlargement. Much as the Peloponnesian wars can be viewed as a result of the breakdown of the Athenian-Spartan wartime alliance, the First Punic War can likewise be interpreted as a product of the termination of the 279–278 B.C. Roman-Carthaginian wartime alliance against Tarentum and Pyrrhus of Epirus. The alliance between Rome and Carthage followed the classic â€Å"Pyrrhic victory† at Ausculum that opened Sicily up to Greek conquest. The deterioration of that alliance was provoked by the Roman decision to assist the Mamertines against Syracuse in 264 B.C. and to take Messana under Roman protection. This unexpected action led Carthage to support Syracuse in response. This in turn represented a reversal in alliances equally unanticipated by Rome, as Carthage and Syracuse had traditionally been enemies (Harris 187). Carthage subsequently accused Rome of a violation of its previous agreements, which, according to Carthaginian sources, forbade the Romans to cross into Sicily and the Carthaginians to cross into Roman spheres. In fact, Rome and Carthage did sign three treaties in 510–509, 348, and 306 B.C., designed to sustain Carthagian spheres of influence over Western Sicily, Sardinia, Libya, and the Iberian peninsula, but there was no agreement addressing specifically the changing status of a divided Sicily. The 510–509 B.C. treaty, signed in the year that marks the formation of the Roman Republic, sought to affirm Roman agreement to abide by the historically positive relations between Carthage and Etrusca. In the 306 B.C. treaty, Rome vowed not to cross the Straits of Messina in exchange for a Carthagian concession to permit Rome full liberty of maneuver in the Italian peninsula. Moreover, even if there was no formal treaty in 279–278 B.C., there may have been a tacit understanding involving a vague mutual recognition of respective military and commercial spheres of influence that was at least proposed during the 279–278 B.C. wartime alliance against Pyrrhus (Eckstein 79). Whether a formal treaty actually existed is really secondary to the point that Carthage at least operated under the assumption that some type of accord existed in order to justify its previous alliance relationship, and it jealously guarded Western Sicily as the central strategic keystone to its insular defense. On the other hand, Roman expansion to Calabria diminished the size of the buffer region between the two states. As an expanding continental power seeking amphibious status, Rome began to regard the Carthagian presence on Sicily as a potential â€Å"encirclement.† Carthage was regarded as threatening Rome’s maritime trade from ports on the Ionian Sea and in the Gulf of Tarante. The charge that a tacit agreement was violated is not unlike the debate between the United States and Russia, as to whether Washington affirmed absolutely in 1989–1990 that it would not extend NATO into East-Central Europe. Moscow has argued that the decision to enlarge NATO into what it has considered its central strategic region of continental defense contravenes the spirit of the â€Å"two plus four† treaty on German unification not to permit NATO forces into the territory of the former East Germany, as well as the â€Å"gentleman’s agreement† made between George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990 against NATO expansion. As a rising land power seeking amphibious status, Rome expanded into Calabria and thereby diminished the historic buffer between Etrucsa/Rome and Carthage, a power in relative decline. In contemporary geopolitics, NATO enlargement into former Soviet and historic Russian spheres of influence similarly risks undermining the post-1945 security buffer between the United States and its German ally and a Russia now in a state of near absolute collapse. Works Cited Abrams, Elliott. â€Å"To Fight the Good Fight.† National Interest 59 (spring 2000): 74. Burk, James. â€Å"Public Support for Peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing the Casualties Hypothesis.† Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 1 (2003): 53–78. Eckstein, Arthur M. â€Å"Senate and General.† Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987, p. 79. Fiorenza, Nicholas. â€Å"Alliance Solidarity,† Armed Forces Journal International, December 2004, p. 22. Daalder, Ivo H. and Gordon, Philip R. â€Å"Euro-Trashing,† Washington Post, May 29, 2002. Retrieved July 9, 2007 from http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-361506.html. Gardner, Hall. â€Å"Central and Southeastern Europe in Transition.†Ã‚   Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005. Harris, William V. â€Å"War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 BC.† Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1979, p. 187. Hudson, Miles and Stanier, John. â€Å"War and the Media: A Random Searchlight.† New York: New York University Press, 2003, p. 256. Kegley, Charles W. Jr. and Raymond, Gregory A. â€Å"Alliances and the Preservation of the Postwar Peace: Weighing the Contribution† in The Long Postwar Peace, ed. Charles W.Kegley Jr. (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 275–277. Kitfield, James. â€Å"Divided We Fall.† National Journal. April 7, 2006 Retrieved July 7, 2007 from nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/stories/2006/0407nj1.htm Krauthammer, Charles. â€Å"The Short, Unhappy Life of Humanitarian Warfare.† National Interest 57 (fall 2004): 8. Liska, George. â€Å"Russia and the Road to Appeasement.† Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1982. Morgenthau, Hans J. â€Å"The Twilight of International Morality,† Ethics 58, no. 2 (1948): 79. â€Å"NATO In The 21ST Century — The Road Ahead†. An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State March 2002. Retrieved July 7, 2007 from www.italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/ej/ijpe0302.pdf Roberts, Adam. â€Å"NATO’s ‘Humanitarian War’ Over Kosovo,† Survival 41, no. 3 (2004): 20.

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity

Energy Consumption and Economic Activity Abstract Nowadays, most analysts agree that energy is crucial for the global economic output, as it constitutes the backbone of international economy. Global trade, industry and ultimately our current lifestyle could not be maintained without it. As the world economy improves and new opportunities are created, it is expected that energy demand will increase significantly in the future. In recent decades, its significant role is understood by a lot of business sectors and academics, who investigate systematically the relationship between energy and economic development. The objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic activity. More specifically, in the first part of the study the basic goal is the brief presentation of the indices that will be used to define and understand the term of economic growth and the contribution of energy in the process of economic development, and the second part presents the panel data econometric investigation of statistical package Stata with a view to investigate the existence or non existence of a causal relationship between the variable energy consumption and economic growth. The empirical analysis is performed along a check. Specifically, the set of test examines whether the consumption of electricity affects economic growth. The analysis focuses on a specific sample of countries comprising the 28 member states of the European Union. In addition it is significant to underline that for this econometric approach the economic development will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014), which is the most widely used measure o f development, while in terms of energy, the variable is the per capita electricity consumption (EPC for consecutive years from 2010 to 2014). While there is a long tradition in economics of development, in the last few years the term economic development has become part of our daily lives. Sustainable, green, urban, regional are just some of the characterizations weve seen, in various publications, articles, books and statements of personalities of the political, economic and academic space, to accompany the development. What do we mean by economic development and why the last few years it has gained so much importance? Its not easy to give a comprehensive and clear answer to the questions above. To get to the definition of the term development, it is good to begin from the examination of another term, that of growth. There are not few those who confuse the two terms. However, it is important to stress that the two terms are not identical. While so, when we look at the economic growth the focus of attention is directed at a very specific variable, the GDP(Gross Domestic Product), the study of economic growth it is difficult to focus on only one factor. The difficulty in this lies in the multidimensional nature of economic development as a concept. So according to all of the above, the concept of economic development is a changing, dynamic concept with a strong element of progression. This fact makes difficult the precise definition of. However, the diversification of the economic growth is evident. Indicators to measure the Development Of The measurement of development and in particular sustainable ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãâ‚¬Ãâ€žÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š3, as has been mentioned above is a challenge due to the multidimensional and dynamic nature of the.The investigation and measurement of development requires a series of indicators that touch the economic, social, environmental and institutional sphere in order to form an overall picture of the level of the country under consideration. Human Development Index Through the official page of the United Nations, and, more specifically, the first Report on Human Development introduced for the first time a new index for measuring development, the Human Development Index (Hyman Development Index). This indicator comprises three individual indices: life expectancy, educational attainment and income. Life expectancy is calculated with the average life expectancy at birth of an individual, the level of education sums the adult proportion of the population that knows the bible and the enrollment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education and end the income represented by the real GDP per capita. The prices of the hdi range in a scale with the lowest point of the zero and superior to the unit and is essentially the non-weighted numeric average of the three above indicators. The gradient on the basis of which separate the countries according to the values of the following Countries of High Human Development The importance of the index and the contribution of a marker was decisive, since by the time that was put at the disposal of economists is perhaps the most popular indicator for measuring development. Europe and Economic Development The European Union acting as a single market consisting of 28 countries, has evolved into a global trading power. Covering only 7 % of the worlds population, the EUs trade with the rest of the world, nearly 20% of total world exports and imports. Important part of this commercial success is due to the free movement of goods within the European borders, after two-thirds of the total trade of EU countries is with other countries of the European Union . The economic displacement is indisputable if one takes into account that the GDP is now larger than that of the united states (Page, 2014). Despite the fact that the European Union is challenged in the last few years from a severe recession , the efforts for a closer cooperation between the member create hopes for new, innovative and environmentally friendly investment projects that will create the right conditions for lasting development and prosperity. The above data demonstrate a robust economy Ï€Ï ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¸ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃŽ ±Ãâ€š equally good performance in terms of the level not only of quantitative but also of qualitative variables of economic development. Seeing a total of the scores of the table hdi, the countries of the European Union seems to indicate a high score. However, this observation is only one side of the coin. A careful reading of this index indicates variations in prices between states, and between the different regions within the same country. In accordance with the Table these differences are apparent by creating the following groups of countries: The Nordic countries (Norway, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, Denmark), the English-speaking (Uk, Ireland) and the countries of Western Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland) to create a set of countries with a head start in terms of GDP per capita. The countries of Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Ital y, Greece, Cyprus, Malta) are the second group of countries, introducing a lag in the per capita GDP in relation to the leading countries of Northwestern Europe. Finally, the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia ), Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) as well as Romania and Bulgaria are significantly lower prices with regard to GDP per capita. As we have seen in this chapter the measurement of growth is carried out through a series of indicators. Eu and energy The concept of energy is inextricably linked with the European Union. Wouldnt it be excessive if it is supported it is one that the current european edifice owes its existence to the energy and the importance of the role of the wider region. Production, consumption and structure of energy in Europe  in accordance with the table below, the gross inland energy consumption in the European Union in 2012, appears to show a slight fall of 1% in relation to the measurements of   2011. The consumption of petroleum (crude oil and other products/petroleum derivatives) still has a leading role in the European economy, while natural gas has established itself as the second most important source of energy. The solid fossil fuels (e.x. coal, lignite) are losing more and more ground in the pie of energy resources, soil, winning the renewable energy sources which are currently in the last place in the table. The advantage over the RES still retains the nuclear energy which is the pre-last option of the Europeans in terms of energy sources. On the other hand, the primary energy production in the European territory remains unchanged over the last two years to 33 million TJ (Tera Joule). The predictions, however, regarding the future rates of energy production are not particularly favorable, as well as decreasing trends are observed in the production of oil, natural gas, solid fossil fuels and nuclear energy. A positive evolution is taking place in the part of the RES, where it is observed only an increase in the production of energy by 9%. The greatest reductions are detected in order to oil products and natural gas. Nuclear energy in spite of the reductions that were initiated in the last years, still represents the largest source of primary energy production in the European Union. Finally, the hesitant entrance of non-renewable waste in the table remains almost unnoticed, with a rate that does not exceed 2%. Observing ones tables understands easily the main points of concern of European leaders with regard to energy issues. The structure of final energy consumption in each country and the overall European rates in accordance with the table attest to the increased energy needs for oil and natural gas. The board, in turn, confirms the difficulty of Europe in responding to the coverage of energy needs. This gap arises in the energy balance is covered through the import of energy. The investigation happened in the first chapter, set some basic foundations for the understanding of the term economic development and for the importance of the factor energy in the context of the economy. Also in the previous chapter reference was made to the level of economic development in the European area (in terms of quantitative but also the qualitative side of development) and a brief review of the energy strategy of Europe in matters of energy production and consumption , composition of resources, but also the problem of energy dependence, mainly from Russia. The focus of interest in the European area that was in the first section followed by an empirical analysis in order to examine the possibility of a small the larger relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. More specifically, the second part consists of a brief econometric investigation which will be carried out through the statistical program STATA, in order to examine the possibility of a relationship of causality between economic growth and energy consumption. In other words, in this section, the main objective is to examine whether the energy consumption affects economic growth. Variables: In most studies of this kind of economic development are examined through a particular pointer that is none other than the GDP. In the first part, made specific reference to the different meaning of the term economic development and economic growth, where it was noted that the GDP as an indicator is suitable for measurement of growth but insufficient for measuring development. So in this analysis, the economic growth will be expressed through the human development index (HDI for years 19952010)11, which is the most popular indicator for measuring development. In terms of energy, the first variable is the per capita consumption of electricity (kilowatt hour/capita for the years 19952010) 12, and the second is the per capita natural gas consumption (cubic meter/capita for the years 1995 2010) As it   has been pointed out above, until today, the existing empirical findings on the causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is not characterized by uniformity. This is because the econometric approach, time periods and the sample of countries analyzed in each survey vary significantly. the results of The econometric study suggest that there is no causal relationship between energy consumption (per capita electricity consumption and per capita consumption of natural gas) and the index of human development for the countries of the European Territory(with the exception of Cyprus and Malta). At this point, we should mention the limitations that existed in the econometric investigation. The econometric analysis ideally would be in the data/observations of at least 30 consecutive years(19802010). Most countries, however, are characterized by incomplete statistics, during the period from 1980 to the early 90s, which limited the possibilities of analysis on data/ observations 16 consecutive years (19952010). Finally, the application of the above econometric analysis variables and the consumption of energy derived from renewable energy sources is an interesting option for future research, as well as the existing statistical data for the use of renewable energy sources is not enough. Also, the application of the analysis in most of the development indicators would offer a more integrated position.

Personal Narrative: Harsh Criticism of my Writing Essay -- Narrative E

There are certain moments in my writing process, even more than twenty years later, that I can still imagine hearing that sharply critical voice striking a deep and lasting blow as the journalism assignment replete with bloody red ink landed on my desk. â€Å"This is all wrong,† were the words my high school journalism teacher stabbed me with as she passed down the aisle pausing only long enough for me to catch a whiff of her nicotine breath. At the very same moment my stomach muscle knotted, my face burned as if with fever, and those four words echoed out of control over and over again in my ears. Notoriously late for class due to her love of smoking cigarettes in the teacher’s lounge (in those days smoking was allowed in school buildings), Ms. B’s entrance into the class on this particular day was no exception. With a flurry of authority, arrogance, and impatience, she appeared before me-the subservient and humble student. Her disdain for my writing was obvious in her written comments on the returned assignment. But it was the spoken word about my writing that intimidated and humiliated me, even to this very day when I allow myself to think back on the incident. Hearing that my work was â€Å"all wrong† in the presence of other students was the worst embarrassment I could imagine as a shy and overly sensitive teenager. I wanted to crawl under my desk and hide. I managed to fight back tears until my retreat to the lavatory at the end of the period. Any confidence I had in my writing died that day. From that moment on my dreams of being a writer were severely compromised. Ms. B had taken advantage of her position of power over my writing. Whether this was intentional on her part or just a case of insensitivity or carelessness has no bear... ...well, it is difficult for me to do so. Perhaps it is his never-failing encouragement and my appreciation of his teaching methods that won’t allow me to take the role of an English teacher when reading his work. It has been my experience that young student writers can be very vulnerable to harsh criticism from a teacher or person in authority. And in my own case, that criticism didn’t disappear at the end of the semester but in fact, stayed with me for many years. I still have to push that ghost of criticism out of my head when I sometimes have difficulty with my writing. For the most part, the wounds from the red pen have healed and the scaring has been greatly reduced. Since the process of writing is difficult enough without discouraging words from teachers, it is imperative that harsh criticism be chased out of the writing classroom for the good of all students.

Essay --

Joon Choi Ms. Postma AP English/ 4th Period Jane Eyre Essay 3/14/2014 St. John’s Moral Ambiguity and Jane’s Understanding of Self-Respect Every great story includes a morally ambiguous character, often either a Byronic hero whom everyone loves despite his utterly depressing nature and moral flaws (such as Hamlet in Hamlet and Sidney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities) or a strict, principled character who unfortunately earns the readers’ hostility as his moral ambiguity is somewhat deeply offensive to many. The example of the latter is St. John Rivers, a morally ambiguous character in Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, who is a compassionate man but has a quite misogynistic characteristic that he vainly attempts to have a loveless marriage with Jane Eyre, expecting her to be subservient. Nevertheless, despite his moral flaws, as St. John makes a moral determination that surprisingly resembles that of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte allows the protagonist to project her own image onto St. John, the morally ambiguous character of the novel. As a consequence, St. John Rivers contributes to the work as a whole by drawi ng the very meaning of the text, Jane’s quest for love and self-respect, and allowing Jane Eyre to appreciate herself in her entirety and realize the true meaning of self-respect. Jane Eyre finds her own image in St. John Rivers as they share several similarities in their moral determinations. After learning of Bertha Mason’s existence, Jane Eyre refuses to stay in Thornfield, fearing that she might lose her self-respect if she would give into Feeling, or â€Å"temptation† (447). The Feeling demands her to comply with Rochester’s entreaty, asking â€Å"Who in the world cares for you [Jane]? Or who will be injured by what you do?† (4... ...conflicts generated by the characters’ moral ambiguity. In Jane Eyre, as St. John Rivers’s passion for spiritually superior life, abiding by the principles of God, ultimately encourages him to coerce Jane into marriage, Jane finds the love without desire equally appalling as the love without principles. Nevertheless, at the same time, Jane acknowledges that her self-respect can be accomplished when she avoids neglecting her inner desires and accept herself in her entirety. St. John Rivers, the morally ambiguous character, plays a pivotal role in the novel as he reveals the meaning of the text through the conflict with the protagonist and develops the overall theme of the novel: the self-respect arises from appreciating oneself as a whole, not from concealing the inner Feeling from others. â€Æ' Works Cited Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London: Puffin Books, 1994. Print. Essay -- Joon Choi Ms. Postma AP English/ 4th Period Jane Eyre Essay 3/14/2014 St. John’s Moral Ambiguity and Jane’s Understanding of Self-Respect Every great story includes a morally ambiguous character, often either a Byronic hero whom everyone loves despite his utterly depressing nature and moral flaws (such as Hamlet in Hamlet and Sidney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities) or a strict, principled character who unfortunately earns the readers’ hostility as his moral ambiguity is somewhat deeply offensive to many. The example of the latter is St. John Rivers, a morally ambiguous character in Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, who is a compassionate man but has a quite misogynistic characteristic that he vainly attempts to have a loveless marriage with Jane Eyre, expecting her to be subservient. Nevertheless, despite his moral flaws, as St. John makes a moral determination that surprisingly resembles that of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte allows the protagonist to project her own image onto St. John, the morally ambiguous character of the novel. As a consequence, St. John Rivers contributes to the work as a whole by drawi ng the very meaning of the text, Jane’s quest for love and self-respect, and allowing Jane Eyre to appreciate herself in her entirety and realize the true meaning of self-respect. Jane Eyre finds her own image in St. John Rivers as they share several similarities in their moral determinations. After learning of Bertha Mason’s existence, Jane Eyre refuses to stay in Thornfield, fearing that she might lose her self-respect if she would give into Feeling, or â€Å"temptation† (447). The Feeling demands her to comply with Rochester’s entreaty, asking â€Å"Who in the world cares for you [Jane]? Or who will be injured by what you do?† (4... ...conflicts generated by the characters’ moral ambiguity. In Jane Eyre, as St. John Rivers’s passion for spiritually superior life, abiding by the principles of God, ultimately encourages him to coerce Jane into marriage, Jane finds the love without desire equally appalling as the love without principles. Nevertheless, at the same time, Jane acknowledges that her self-respect can be accomplished when she avoids neglecting her inner desires and accept herself in her entirety. St. John Rivers, the morally ambiguous character, plays a pivotal role in the novel as he reveals the meaning of the text through the conflict with the protagonist and develops the overall theme of the novel: the self-respect arises from appreciating oneself as a whole, not from concealing the inner Feeling from others. â€Æ' Works Cited Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. London: Puffin Books, 1994. Print.

Musical Links Investigation

Fred Kim Mr. Gillespie IB Music 12 April, 2011 Musical Links Investigation Music is a form of communication that varies distinctively among different countries just as each country has their own language. However, music does not only vary with region, but also with time period and the neighboring musical cultures. To investigate how two very distinct and different musical cultures can be connected through their musical qualities, I will compare the similarities and differences between romantic period and classical period music of flute.Moreover, I will focus on one instrument, flute, because I have great interest in it, and I have a lot of experience of studying and performing the instrument. In this investigation, I will focus on the compositional features found in the music such as form and structure, tone color, mood, and musical background. One of the most famous classical flute pieces is concerto in G major No. 1 K313 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Although it is widely known that flu te was Mozart’s least favorite instrument, the concerto is very beautifully written in terms of not only variety of texture and structure, but also the subtle changes in mood.The concerto is composed of three movements which each has distinct characteristics. The first movement is Allegro maestoso, second movement is Adagio ma non troppo and the last movement is Rondo: Tempo di Mennuetto. The orchestral part includes orchestral strings, two oboes, and two horns. This small size of orchestra play a significant role in emphasizing the soloist and shifting the mood and tempo of the music before the soloist comes in. The other piece that I will compare to the Concerto in G major by Mozart is Concerto in D op. 283 by Carl Reinecke.It is written in Romantic period and is composed of three movements. The first is Allegro Moderato, the second is Lento e Mesto, and the third movement is Moderato. This concerto was written right before Reinecke died. Therefore, the melody is more sensa tional and insightful compared to the flamboyant and joyful melodies that Mozart had created. The orchestral part includes all instruments with reduced size in each section. The first main similarity that I noticed comparing the two flute concertos from two different time period was their structure. Both concertos are composed of three movements.The first is both allegro, the second is both slow and the last movement is the finale for both concertos and is fast and graceful. Not only from the exterior point of view, when we look at the internal structure of the pieces from each movement, can we find many similarities. Both pieces start with introducing the main theme and melody and expand on it by adding variations from it. Later on, from both pieces, we can see that the melodic structure falls into under a minor chord creating a sad and solemn mood. After a little more variations on the melody and rhythm, both pieces come to a recapitulation.Both again introducing the main theme, d evelops into another set of variations on the melody and rhythm which are generally more complicating and higher in notes. Another interesting factor to compare is the freedom of style, ad-libs, and cadenzas. In general, Classical pieces are considered to be more confined in the way that soloists perform. They are usually rhythmically stricter than Romantic pieces. However, ad-libs, to a certain level, are allowed and are often added by famous players such as James Galway and Jean-Pierre Rampal.They add some grace notes, mordents, or trills that were not written on the score. By doing this, classical pieces provide some freedom in playing to a certain degree. Not only are that, in the Concerto in G by Mozart, there two cadenzas; One in first movement and the other in the third movement. This Cadenza gave performers the chance to reveal their real abilities in both technical and musical aspect. On the other hand, in Romantic Pieces, ad-libs are usually not allowed, which seems to giv e it less freedom.However, Romantic piece usually has more freedom of rhythm. Therefore, performers of the Reinecke Concerto usually express themselves by varying the rhythm. Moreover, in some songs, such as Chaminade Concertino and Mendelsshon Violin Concerto in E minor has cadenzas that are written already but gives the performers freedom to do whatever they want. Therefore, the two periods that I am comparing both give the performers a certain amount of freedom in playing but neither gives full freedom to play how ever they wish.By comparing the two different periods of western music, Classical and Romantic, I was able to realize how Romantic developed from Classical, evolving into more characteristic type of music. By comparing the m melodically, harmonically, structurally, and rhythmically, I was able to understand in depth how music periods of different time can have certain similarities and differences. Moreover, by only comparing the flute songs, I was more able to understan d how even though all â€Å"languages† seem different, they are all ways of communication and they do have similarities.

Make Cigarettes Illegal

One of the largest and most problematic health issues in our society is smoking. Smoking is currently the leading cause of death in our country, due to its harmful and addicting contents, such as nicotine. Although millions die from it each year, smoking is the single most preventable cause of death. Since there is such a high number of deaths, enormous numbers of smoking related diseases, and damage to planet earth, smoking should be made illegal. The first reason smoking should be illegal is because it is detrimental and an addicting drug, just like many illegal ones. Methamphetamine, and crack are some of the most dangerous drugs to use but what many people do not know is Nicotine is just as harmful. According to a chart in Health and Wellness, experts rate on how easy it is to become addicted and how difficult it is to quit. Using various drugs, 100 is the highest addiction potential. Number one on the chart for being most addictive was Nicotine with a score of 100 for having the most addiction potential. Number two was Methamphetamine(smoked) with a score of 96. Number three was Crack with a score of 94. Number 4 was Methamphetamine (injected) with a score of 90. Of the 4 top addictive drugs listed, all are illegal except Nicotine. Nicotine has a much higher death and addiction rate than both meth and crack put together, yet nicotine and cigarettes are still legal. Another reason smoking should be illegal is 50,000 people die each year due to second hand smoke. Is it fair that people who do not smoke are forced to breathe in the chemicals of cigarettes? Is it fair that people who do not smoke are struck with smoking related diseases? Many people believe that solving the problem could be as simple as prohibiting smoking in public places. It does seem to make sense but when you think it out thoroughly, it is not nearly solving any problem. Yes, the number of second hand smoke related deaths would decrease but would not be eliminated. People in public would not have to worry about cigarette smoke but who would? Children. This law would be forcing them to live in a house full of smoke. Yes, the number of second hand smoke related deaths would go down but this law would increase the number children dying or suffering from cigarette smoke. As of today, americanheart. org states that about  60 percent of American children ages 4–11 are exposed to secondhand smoke at home. Studies have shown that children (especially infants) of parents who smoke have more lung illnesses, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and can develop asthma. What is that percentage going to be when the only place smokers can smoke is home? Children from ages 4-11 are not the only ones suffering from this drug. Unborn babies are greatly affected by cigarettes. How could any expecting mother put their baby at risk for any damage to their innocent, undeveloped bodies. It is completely unethical and disgusting that something so dangerous to an unborn baby is legal! TheTruth. rg states that every single year smoking durning pregnancy and exposure to second hand smoke results in the death of 776 infants and unborn fetuses every year. That is 776 too many! Other than death, there are many other complications that come with smoking during pregnancy . Low birth weight, premature birth which can cause learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, and mental retardation. Marchofdimes. com held a stu dy that showed women who smoke anytime during the month before pregnancy to the end of the first trimester are more likely to have a baby with birth defects, particularly congenital heart defects  . The risk of heart defects appears to increase with the number of cigarettes a woman smokes. Expecting mothers should not even have this option because smoking should be illegal. Besides babies, here are some problems that come along for anyone who is exposed to cigarette smoke. †¢Reduces fertility †¢Increases likelihood of impotence †¢Contributes to thin bones †¢Affects mental capacity and memory †¢Reduces levels of folate, low levels of which can increase the risk of heart disease, depression, and Alzheimer's disease †¢Affects ability to smell and taste †¢Increases risk of depression in adolescents Increases risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure †¢Increases risk of diabetes †¢Increases risk of cancer †¢Causes breathing problems †¢Reduces immune system and get colds and flu more easily ( http://healthliteracy. worlded. org) I think by now, it is pretty obvious that cigarettes are very unhealthy. What is it exactly th at make them unhealthy? Almost everything in them! according to healthyliteracy. worldwide. org There are over 4,000 chemicals in cigarettes. 51 of them are known to be carcinogenic. A carcinogen is something that causes cancer. Cancer is a disease that often kills those who have it. Chemicals in cigarettes and cigarette smoke are known to cause not only cancer but also other serious health problems. Many of the chemicals are poisonous. If a person ate one pack of cigarettes, he/she would die. Some of the familiar chemicals in cigarettes are- Carbon Monoxide which is found in car exhaust. Nicotine, a strong poisonous drug. It is the main ingredient in bug sprays. In its pure form, just one drop on a person's tongue would kill him/her. Tar, a material to make roads. Arsenic, rat poisoning. Ammonia, which is cleaning products. Hydrogen Cyanide, gas chamber poison. Cyanide, deadly poison. Acetone, nail polish remover. Butane, cigarette lighter fluid. DDT, insecticides. Formaldehyde, fluid used to preserve dead bodies. Sulfuric Acid, in car batteries. Cadmium, Used to recharge batteries. Freon, damages earths ozone layer. Maltitol, a sweetener not permitted to be used in foods in the U. S Although America is a free county and many people believe that smoking is a choice of freedom, there should be no freedom in killing yourself and others. Some people would argue that smoking should not be illegal because there are many things a person can do that are just as dangerous. For example, skydiving. While skydiving may dangerous, it is not the number one most preventable cause of death in America. Yes, an activity such as skydiving is taking a huge risk of danger but it is not guaranteed that you will get sick or die. Skydiving is regulated to make sure the health and wellbeing of a diver whether professional or non professional does not perish when attempting to jump. As for cigarettes there are no state or federal regulations that protect you or help you from disease or death. With all of this being said, I strongly believe that there is no need for such a deadly product that is useless in todays society.